England's history - especially during its empire years - had a tremendous influence worldwide. It provided the basis for many of the traditions of its former colonies and gave them the English language. It also started the Industrial Revolution, whose effect on the people and the landscape is apparent throughout the country, from the vestiges of early steam-powered mills to the smoky, gray hulks of cities like Birmingham and Manchester.
When the Romans invaded in AD 43, they found a highly developed, tribal-based island culture in Britain. The Saxons were the next group to lay claim to
the land, followed by the Vikings. In 1066 the Norman conquest brought great change to England. These invaders from continental Europe were enthusiastic builders of castles and churches that are still in evidence today. The Middle Ages were difficult times: A drawn-out war with France, political and religious revolts, and recurring bouts of the Black Plague took their toll on the people. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the Tudor family gained control of the monarchy and began a dynasty that included the much-married Henry VIII and ended with the 45-year reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan period (dating from 1558) was a golden age, when Shakespeare enthralled the London crowds and great seafarers like Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh explored new territories. Over the years, England continued to expand its reach around the globe, reaching its height of power during the reign of another great queen, Victoria, who ruled for 64 prosperous years in the 19th century.
The 20th century was a troubled time for the British: Two costly wars and the loss of empire took their toll on the economy and the national psyche. Many Britons still cling to their relationship with the U.S., despite powerful social and economic trends that lead toward closer integration with continental Europe. Increased autonomy for Scotland and Wales are inspiring still further changes. While no one is predicting the complete dissolution of the U.K., the coming years will bring a sea of change in how the U.K. governs itself and how it presents itself to the world.
Next Page »
The Columbus World Travel Guide has been published for 26 years and is sold in over 90 countries worldwide.
